Cervical Cancer is a health concern which targets 50% of the world’s population. With over 500,000 new cases reported every year, around 4,000 people die from it. It affects women of all ages, but most are diagnosed between the ages of 35 and 44. By raising awareness of cervical cancer, we inform, educate, and empower women to take the steps needed for prevention and early detection. Join us, along with SBMF’s Dr. Laurie Griesinger, as we take an in-depth view of cervical cancer, its symptoms, and its treatment options.
What are the Types of Pathology? Learn More in Our Blog
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) begin to grow uncontrollably. These abnormal cells develop into tumors and spread to nearby tissues if not detected and treated in time. It’s also important to note that there is more than one type of cervical cancer, as explained by Dr. Griesinger.
“The most common type (80-90% of cervical cancer) is squamous cell carcinoma, and nearly all of these cases are caused by infection with high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus). Squamous cell carcinomas arise from precursor lesions called squamous intraepithelial lesions.
The next most common type of cervical cancer is adenocarcinoma (10-25% of cervical cancers in routinely screened populations), a cancer of the glands in the inner part of the cervix. This type is also commonly related to HPV infection; however, a larger proportion of cases are unrelated to HPV.”
Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, multiple sexual partners, and a family history of cervical cancer. While we cannot change some of these factors, adopting a healthier lifestyle helps to reduce the risk.
Symptoms and Early Identification
As the disease progresses, common symptoms of cervical cancer may arise. These include:
- abnormal vaginal bleeding
- increased menstrual flow
- post-menopausal bleeding
- pelvic pain
- pain during intercourse
If you experience any of these symptoms, do not ignore them. Reach out to your doctor for a thorough evaluation. Also, be aware that in its early stages, cervical cancer may not exhibit any obvious symptoms, which is why regular screenings and check-ups are essential.
If you believe you have symptoms that could indicate cervical cancer, consult your doctor as soon as possible.
Screening
Screening tests, such as the Pap test and the HPV test, are vital in the early detection of cervical cancer. The Pap test identifies abnormal cells in the cervix, while the HPV test detects the presence of the virus. Regular screenings are typically recommended for women aged 21 and older, with the frequency depending on individual risk factors. These tests serve as powerful weapons in the battle against cervical cancer, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.
Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer
There’s no one perfect treatment for every woman when it comes to cervical cancer. Depending on various factors such as the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences, the best course of action will vary.
“Often, treatment options depend on how advanced the disease is at the time of diagnosis”, says Dr. Griesinger. “If the disease is caught on Pap smear/biopsy before becoming invasive cancer, a smaller procedure called a LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure) can be performed to remove the precancerous lesion with no further treatment needed. In patients with invasive cancer at diagnosis, surgery can be curative in patients with local minimally invasive disease, but more often chemotherapy and radiation are required in addition to surgery.
Additionally, in advanced or recurrent disease, newer checkpoint inhibitor therapies are an increasingly useful option for oncologists. We as pathologists help guide the treatment by providing the diagnosis as well as critical staging parameters such as depth of invasion and extent of disease. We also do testing to determine if a patient with advanced disease is a good candidate for the newer checkpoint inhibitor therapies.”
The Power of Prevention
We should not overlook the importance of prevention. One of the most effective preventative measures against cervical cancer is the HPV vaccine. “Cervical cancer is one of the only cancer types in which vaccination (against HPV) can actually prevent cancer”, says Dr. Griesinger. Additionally, practicing safe sex, quitting smoking, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall well-being and reduce the risk of cervical cancer.
